Analysis Of The Universal Health Care System - 1688 Words

Canadas publicly-funded universal health care system is a direct representation of Canadas fundamental values of equality (What are Canadian Values?, 2017). However, of all high-income countries that have implemented a universal health care program (Lopert, 2017), Canada is the only country that has yet to include prescription drugs within their universal health coverage plan (Martin, 2017, p. 90). Provinces are now demanding a public insurance plan for prescription medications, but pharmaceutical innovations are at risk if Canadian negotiators are not able to reach a consensus with U.S. demands during the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (Lopert, 2017). In order for Canada to achieve a universal†¦show more content†¦If only one pharmaceutical manufacturer imports medication from the U.S., costs of prescription drugs will significantly rise for Canadians (Lopert, 2017) because if there is no competition, the manufacturer is free to set the med ication prices. It will ultimately be these trade policies, over health policies (Galea, 2017), that causes disturbance to Canadas progress in establishing a national pharmacare program. Reality is, these conflicts are arising due to different political-ideological values that cause the nations to react differently to the same global forces (Petrin, 2017). Fear has returned as a global epidemic force and when fear comes back, it leads to more rules, regulation, and violence (Petrin, 2017). This current issue regarding NAFTA is also a result of the world being in a state of fear for their economies (Petrin, 2017). It was the globalization of money that caused the Great Recession of 2008, and the U.S. is the economic nerve of the world (Petrin, 2017) which caused this to become the Global Economic Crisis of 2008 (Amadeo, n.d.). In order to target this economical fear, the U.S. has taken a nationalistic approach in respect of their nationalistic ideological values while Canada and Mexico have taken the globalist approach (Petrin, 2017). Trump believes that the U.S. must stepShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Health Literacy788 Words   |  4 Pagesto research health literacy in relation to access and outcome. From a theoretical perspective, researchers assessed the concepts of â€Å"health communication, health disparities, health literacy, literacy, microrange theory, military health system, patient education, theoretical framework, universal access† (p. 308). To study the phenomenon of health literacy, they â€Å"present a conceptual framework adapted for use in studying health literacy in population groups with universal access to care† (p. 309).Read MoreUniversal Health Care: Do Time and Place Matter? Essay878 Words   |  4 Pages Universal health care models are currently adopted by many countries worldwide. Although a superficial look at these systems may show many similarities, a detailed analysis shows differences in their philosophies, standards of care, delivery models, and recipients’ expectations. This paper takes a closer look at the universal health care models in Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Japan in comparison to the American system. Gold standards of health care services Gold standards ofRead MoreThe United States Should Provide Universal Health Care For All Of Its Citizens857 Words   |  4 Pagesas a whole (The Institute of Medicine). II. Today I will provide arguments showing you why the United States should provide a Universal Health Care for all of its citizens. III. After conducting thorough research on this topic, I am here to share this information with you today. Tie to the audience: Am sure that there is someone that you know that might need health care and cannot afford it or even you have found yourselves in this same place while in between jobs. IV. Today I’d like to talk toRead MoreSicko1326 Words   |  6 Pages[Rhetorical Analysis Assignment (1)] (4 full pp. double-spaced) Sicko Analysis In 2007 documentary Sicko Michael Moore addresses the issue of America’s health care system. This topic has been in continuous debate among our political leaders for many years now. Michael Moore believes America’s health system is morally corrupt which is unreasonable for being the wealthiest country in the world. In many instances throughout the film, he argues the fact that the American health care system is subjectRead MorePublic Long Term Care Insurance Of Germany, Japan, And The United States1427 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare system. Campbell, Ikegami, and Gibson (2009) provided an analysis of the healthcare systems in Germany, Japan, and the United States in their article ‘Lessons From Public Long-Term Care Insurance in Germany and Japan’ (Campbell, Ikegami, Gibson, 2009). Germany and Japan reportedly experienced similar growth with their aging populations and took proactive measures to introduce comprehensive long-term healthcare insurance due t o inadequacies in funding within their standard universal healthcareRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Universal health care, sometimes referred to as universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care, usually refers to a health care system which provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country. It is organized around providing a specified package of benefits to all members of a society with the end goal of providing financial risk protection, improved access to health services, and improved health outcomes. Universal health care is not aRead MoreHomeless Adults : A Comprehensive Assessment Of Health Care Utilization1486 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless Adults Health Care Utilization under Universal Health Insurance in California A review of the article: A Comprehensive Assessment of Health Care Utilization Among Homeless Adults Under a System of Universal Health Insurance Hwang, S.W., Chambers, C., Chiu, S., Katic, M., Kiss, A., Redelmeier, D.A., Levinson, W. (2013). A Comprehensive Assessment of Health Care Utilization Among Homeless Adults Under a System of Universal Health Insurance. American Journal of Public Health, 103(S2), 294-Read MoreConcept Analysis Of Orems Self Care Deficit Theory1552 Words   |  7 PagesA Concept Analysis of Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Introduction Dorothea E. Orem devoted her life to defining nursing and the nurse’s role in improving the patient’s overall health, which she coined the Self-Care Deficit Theory. Orem’s theory is quite a complex one, which can be simplified by identifying that it is three theories in one: self-care theory, self-care deficit theory and nursing systems theory. In 1959, as Orem first began the evolution of the Self-Care Deficit Theory, she defined theRead MoreInternational Healthcare Comparisons1741 Words   |  7 PagesEven with this large amount of healthcare spending, the U.S. has almost 50 million residents without health insurance and 29 million who are underinsured (The Commonwealth Fund, 2012). Tanner (2008) estimates â€Å"total U.S. healthcare spending exceeds $1.8 trillion dollars, more than Americans spend on housing, food, national defense, or automobiles† (p.2). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was passed in the U.S. in 2010, and is projected to decrease the number of uninsured by 30Read MoreCanada s Health Care System973 Words   |  4 PagesCanada’s health care system is one that formed in the 1950s and 60s, also known as Medicare. It is a system that Canada as a nation often takes pride in, as it is predominantly public with basic health care is available to all citizens, and has some aspects of the private system incorporated as well. Health care often occurs in terms that compare public versus private health care systems. After a thorough analysis of private health care associated with neo-conservatism, and public health care associated

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight And Beowulf - 1471 Words

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states a hero is â€Å"a person who is admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities.† A hero is looked up to for the brave and noble things he or she has done. Although the characters and plots of â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† and â€Å"Beowulf† differ greatly from each other, the key themes of each of these works are quite similar. In both tales, the reader meets a hero who is endowed with mental, physical, and spiritual gifts that equip him for the task of confronting his foes. This serves to remind the reader or listener to consider the themes of heroism, as well as the theme of the constant battle between good and evil. By comparing these two works, the reader can come to a fuller understanding of the importance of these subjects as great themes in literature throughout time. The authors of these stories present Beowulf and Sir Gawain as ideals to strive for, with their behavior worthy of being emulated. Even their minor failings serve to emphasize important lessons. In â€Å"Beowulf,† the hero is faced with challenges that are both physical and moral, both of which threaten his life. Beowulf could be considered the ideal hero and king. From an early age, he has proven his worth for both of these titles, and in this epic tale the reader is able to learn his history to see how he came to fame. As an epic hero, Beowulf possesses the qualities of valor, loyalty, generosity, and honor. He fights for the survival of his tribe. Even as a hero, heShow MoreRelatedBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2373 Words   |  10 Pagesjeopardized community. In addition, the courageous hero often becomes the symbolic figure by representing the esteemed cultural ideals of the community. Such is the case in the works Beowulf from the Anglo-Saxon period and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from the Late Middle Ages. Both heroes Beowulf and Sir Gawain represent certain customs for their respective communities; however, the three hundred and fifty ye ars between these two works contribute to the contrasting views in the definition ofRead MoreBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight897 Words   |  4 Pagestwo poems, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight embody heroic figures. Beowulf, who demonstrates all the characteristics of an ideal hero, is faced with physical and moral challenges that no other man could face during his existence. Beowulf was not only looking to become a hero, he wanted to reveal the importance of establishing identity. However, Beowulf was not the only hero during this time period. Sir Gawain also participates in challenges that define his character. Sir Gawain was indeedRead MoreBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1499 Words   |  6 PagesIn Beowulf, and Sir Gawain, and the Green Knight, we can appreciate the significance of Beowulf and Gawain s reputations because they establish their identities in society. Reputation can be defined as an â€Å"overall quality or character as seen or judged by people† (Merriam-Webster). First, we will discuss how reputations can be interpreted according to the individual. Then we consider what if they were to fail to uphold the expectations of others, and if so, what aspects of their lives would be affectedRead MoreAnalysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf955 Words   |  4 Pages According to Sir Gawain and Beowulf heroic adventures, Sir Gawain has to leave his place by himself to meet the Green Knight and takes a risk on his own way as same as Beowulf who went out from his palace to beat the dragon by himself. However, their calls to the adventures contrast Sir Gawain and Beowulf heroic stories. The first decision is the most significant part of the heroic story that the protagonist has to choose either go out following the call or step away. Expectedly, every protagonistRead MoreComparing Sir Gawain And The Green Knight And Beowulf733 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Faith, valor, loyalty, truth...† one can expect these virtues that comprise the Chivalric Code from an orthodox knight in the Middle Ages. The Germanic Warrior Code, on the other hand, governs the warring tribes of Norsemen. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf as translated by Simon Armitage and Seamus Heaney, the core values of the two codes are respectively personified as the two protagonists. Despite the numerous similarities between these two disciplines, they differ over the existenceRead MoreThe Supernatural in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight863 Words   |  4 PagesIn Beowulf the supernatural presents instelf in it’s monsters. Grendel, Grendel’s Mother, and the Dragon, all mythical creatures that only exist in tales of fiction. Beowulf also possess another element of the supernatural. The juxstapositon of a strong christian world view against those from the past who were well known pagans. In turn Beowulf positions the monsters in the work as biblical descendants of Cain. In Sir Gawain and Green Knight, supernatural plays a simlar role. The Green Knight isRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesultimately tying in with the theme of the work. Beowulf and Sir Gawain both exhibit what the Anglo-Saxons and the Middle-English viewed as both proper and improper conduct. What the reader encount ers through these two characters, however, involves a paradigm shift between the two cultures, with values, fate and pride leading to demise , reflected in Beowulf contrasting with those, the knight’s code of honor and chivalry, expressed in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. These dissimilar worldviews become apparentRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesideology is, does one value loyalty? Among the many values of the Anglo-Saxons, such as bravery, truth, and honor, above them all stands loyalty. Through an archetypal analysis, one may view how two major works of the Middle Ages, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, both reflect attributes of loyalty, specifically the testing of one’s loyalty and the consequences of disloyalty, which reflect the behavior and values shared by the Anglo-Saxons and the people of the Late Medieval era. When analyzingRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essay 499 Words   |  2 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf â€Å"My body, but for your blood, is barren of worth; And tis I have asked for this folly not fit for a King.† These are the words of a true hero. One who is willing to sacrifice his own existence for the life of another. These are the words and actions of Sir Gawain, a character from the beloved British tale, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf, another character from an ancient British epic entitled, Beowulf, is also portrayed as a â€Å"heroRead MoreThe Heroes Of Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2116 Words   |  9 Pageswork The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Such narrative poems as Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight represent what the Anglo-Saxons and the Middle English saw as both acceptable and non-acceptable demeanor. Both works possess the same values and beliefs while others, distinctly oppose, something that can be clearly observed through the careful archetypal study of the heroes of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In Beowulf, the hero first embarks on his journey when he goes to the

Rise of Industry in the Late 19th Century Free Essays

During the 1860’s America was in a period of economic hardship due to the ongoing demand for materials and money to fund the war. In the South, sufficient money and materials were hard to acquire because the southern economy still depended on the labor of slaves to produce their goods and income rather than factories. The Northern economy used numerous factories to produce goods and make profit for the war, but they still did not have technology that was advanced enough to easily produce all the necessary materials and money. We will write a custom essay sample on Rise of Industry in the Late 19th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the civil war, America embarked on a journey of economic expansion and unification for the nation. In the late 19th century, government policies, technological advancements and population changes contributed to the rise of industry in America. Many government policies were created in the 19th century to encourage expansion and growth for America. Three very influential policies were the Homestead Act, the Pacific Railway Act and laissez-faire. The homestead act was passed by Congress in 1862 to encourage settlement of western land. It promised any citizen of the United States that was at least 21 years old a homestead of 160 acres under the terms that they paid a 10 dollar registration fee, farmed on the land for 5 years and lived on the land for at least 6 months out of a year. When passed, the act proved a success at allowing huge masses of people to further enlarge and develop America because â€Å"settlers from all walks of life including newly arrived immigrants, farmers without land of their own from the East, single women and former slaves came to meet the requirements† (Weiser). The pacific railway act of 1862 provided the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies with federal land grants and funds to construct a transcontinental railway that would unite the country as one. With the completion of the railroad, industry had the opportunity to rise across America because the transportation time of goods, capital, and people was significantly decreased and more efficient. Laissez-faire was a policy practiced by government that preached a free market economy. Under laissez-faire, the business’s of America were able to grow and acquire larger sums of money because the government had little to no interference in the actions of companies. In the 19th century as settlement and companies expanded across America, technological discoveries were being made as part of an industrial revolution that would further the efficiency and growth of industry. With the transcontinental railroad, the steam engine could transport materials, machinery, goods and more to companies across America with much more ease than horses and wagons could in previous times. The invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 increased communication between people to help the coordination and cohesiveness of companies. One brilliant inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, provided the nation with numerous inventions, two of which were the light bulb and the electric generator. As industrialization occurred, machinery was used to produce materials instead of human labor in order to increase production and profit. With the aid of Edison’s electrical generator, the machines of textiles could work faster and more efficient to maximize benefits. Also, with the aid of the light bulb, textiles were able to have longer work hours and produce larger quantities because the restriction of daylight hours was no longer a problem. â€Å"By the end of the nineteenth century, the nation was about to become a mass-production economy† because â€Å"the utilization of steam and electricity, the introduction of improved processes and labor-saving machinery†¦ multiplied enormously the effectiveness of labor† (Chandler 277; George 50). As America was booming from government policies and new technology, population changes also took effect to contribute to the rise of industry. Population was steadily rising due to immigration, migration, and improved conditions of living. Millions of European and Asian immigrants came to America in search of a more promising and successful life. These immigrants created a growing work force that big industries took advantage of by using the minimally paid workers to help produce more for their companies. Along with westward migration in America, â€Å"In the post-civil war period, cities swelled in population as a twin migration of immigrants and rural Americans flocked to the glittering urban environment† (Riis 320). This urbanization solidified the transition of the nation from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. Also in the 19th century, population was at a high compared the past because of improvements in health care, a higher reproduction rate and a better standard of living. These population changes provided America with a large, growing consumer economy that allowed industry and business to thrive. Compared to previous times, America ended the 19th century at an all time high due to new government policies, technological advancements and population changes. With the help of federal encouragement to settle westward and unite the country, industry was able to expand to more places across the nation. In these numerous factories, textiles and other working places, new machinery and technology was used to produce greater quantities in a shorter amounts of time which allowed industry to gain more profit and grow. These successful and innovative factories attracted immigrants and rural Americans, and pushed them to move to cities where industry and business could be a main focus. The growth of American industry in the 19th century took the nation to a whole new developmental level, and from there the nation continued to thrive and evolve. Citations Chandler, Alfred D. The Beginnings of â€Å"Big Business† in American Industry. 1959. American Issues. New York: Glencoe, 1994. 277-80. Print. Evans, Harold. â€Å"The Spark of Genius. † 2004. American History. Vol. 2. Dubuque: McGraw Hill, 2007. 6-21. Print. George, Henry. â€Å"Progress and Poverty. † 1879. America’s History. Fourth ed. Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. 50-51. Print. Riis, Jacob. â€Å"Life in the Tenements of New York City. † 1890. Voices of the American Past. Second ed. Vol. 2. Orlando: Harcourt College, 2001. 320-22. Print. Story, Jill. â€Å"Lecture. † 27 Sept. 2010. S tory, Jill. â€Å"Lecture. † 5 Oct. 2010. Weiser, Kathy. â€Å"The Homestead Act – Creating Prosperity in America. â€Å"Legends of America – A Travel Site for the Nostalgic and Historic Minded. Apr. 2010. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. . How to cite Rise of Industry in the Late 19th Century, Papers

Journeying Business Models Sustainability -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journeying Business Models Sustainability? Answer: Introducation Communication serves as one of the important parameters of effective business policies and procedures. The communication can be divided into a number of following types such as- verbal communication, non-verbal communication, active listening etc. The business communication consists of the guidelines using which the employees, management and administration interact for reaching the organizational goals. In the current assignment, a number of communication tools have been used for diagnosis, which helps in analysing the strengths and gaps of the different communication patterns. In order to make the business communication effective a number of steps could be undertaken such as the establishment of a hierarchy, use of visual communication for interaction, etc. As commented by Bovee, Thill Raina (2016), effective face to face communication helps in resolution of issues in much shorter time. Communication serves as the organising element within the business context and helps in learning about the organizational goals. In this respect, the Shannon-weavers model of communication can be used in order to explain the physical process of communication. Here, an information source encodes a message which is transmitted via a channel to the decoder. However as argued by Holmes Parker (2017), the message does not reach the decoder in its intact form as it is disrupted by several barriers within the communication channel. The theory of non-verbal expectations theory could be further divided into positive and negative violations. It has been seen that positive violations produce an approved behaviour outcome. The non-verbal communication proposes an effective exchange of information through the use of proxemics, kinesics and paralanguage. The proxemics promotes communication through the use of space and distance, whereas the kinesics places more importance upon the use of appropriate body posture and orientation along with friendly facial gestures. Additionally, active listening is another parameter which helps in enhancing the communication aspect within a business organization. The listening process can be divided into six major steps such as receiving, attending, interpreting, evaluating, responding and remembering. Thesis statement: Analysing effective business communication styles through diagnostic tests Discussion of communication tools result For understanding the aspect of communication better a number of tests had been conducted and the scores computed for arriving at the strengths and weaknesses of the communication process. Some of the tests which had been conducted over here are self-perceived communication competence scale (SPCC), personal report of intercultural communication apprehension (PRICA), talkaholic scale, personal report of personal speaking anxiety (PRPSA), non-verbal immediacy scale self-report (NIS-S). Therefore, retrospection and analysis of the scores would help in finding out the personal loopholes of gaps in the communication process. I have received a score of 98.66 in the SPCC parameter which means that I am sufficiently competent to speak in a variety of situations. However, I have received the lowest score for talking in a large meeting of strangers. This could be due to public speaking anxiety or difficulty to process and express my thoughts clearly amidst a large group of people. My overall scores lie within the range of 90-99; which indicates high SPCC. However, the sub-scores I have arrived are the lowest with respect to talking to a Stanger, whereas the scores are sufficiently high for talking to a known person (Refer to appendix 1). The second communication assessment which I had undergone was the personal report intercultural communication apprehension (PRICA) test, which measures the apprehensions one feels in communicating with people from different race cultural backgrounds. In this respect, the difference in language and cultural beliefs serve as major communication hindrances. I have received a score of 32 after adding up the sub-scores from different parameters of the PRICA assessment. The scores could lie between 14-70. The scores below 32 reflect low intercultural communication apprehension. From my personal reflection through the assessment results I have found that I have found that I low intercultural communication apprehension and that I am relatively comfortable in communicating with people from different cultural races and backgrounds. However, I have rated myself neutral on the prospect of interacting confidently with people from different cultural backgrounds. This is could be attributed to lang uage and perception differences. As commented by Holmes Parker (2017), language serves an important medium of communications which if erroneously decoded could lead to communication gaps (Refer to appendix 2). The third assessment undertaken over here was rating oneself on the talkaholic scale. A like yard scale was used for the assessment where the rating was done on a scale of 1 to 5. Here 1 refers to strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree. Therefore, summing up the scores from different questions asked under the assessment I received a score of 29. Though, my score does not fall within the range of borderline compulsive talkers I might have a tendency towards developing that. I think talking less and listening more in some of the situations would help me develop an effective bond of understanding with my peers (Refer to appendix 3). The fourth assessment taken by me was personal report of public speaking anxiety (PRPSA). The test has an alpha estimate of more than 90 and is highly reliable. Undertaking the test helped me focus on my individual areas of strengths and weaknesses. I generally feel nervous and anxiety initially during preparing for a public speech. However, once I get into the process thee enjoy the experience and it gets easier for me. Additionally, I also get nervous if I am asked questions pertaining to the areas of my topic I am not well aware of. As commented by Bargiela-Chiappini Nickerson (2014), developing an outright clear conception regarding the topic of the speech can help in coping up with the public speaking anxiety. (Refer to appendix 4) The last diagnostic measurement which was undertaken by me was non-verbal immediacy scale self-report (NIS-S). The scale helps in measurement of positive behaviour and responses towards another person. The alpha reliability estimates for the test is expected to be around 90. I found the method more reliable and valid compared to the prior assessments as the particular test uses more diverse range of questions to analyse the approach and behaviour of an individual towards others. The values generated in the report are statistically significant and socially significant in differentiating between male and females. That is the females are functionally more articulate and expressive than their male counterparts with regards to non-verbal communication (Cardon Marshall, 2015). However, as argued by Bargiela-Chiappini Nickerson (2014), the reports may vary depending on the social situation and the internal nature of the person. I did moderately well in the NIS-S test where I received a s core of 107. However, I rated myself on the neutral side based upon some of the aspects of the assessment. For example, I maintain a close distance or sufficient vocal animations while interacting with people only under specific situations. Therefore, I initiate my communication responses based on the stimulus received (Refer to appendix 5). Communication issues From the analysis of the scores received in the different diagnostic interventions, I could interpret that I was slightly low on confidence in speaking amongst a large group of strangers. Additionally, I have received a score of 29 which is only one less than 30, which means that I could have a tendency for the development of borderline talking. In some of my recent interactions over the last 12 months, I have felt that I need to develop a strong control and a sense of confidence in my interactions with others. Reflection In the last month, during the lecture delivery session of my special seminar, I had felt very anxious and apprehensive as I had to face a huge number of people including my professors and fellow students. I was very hesitant initially to start talking over the presentation. However, once started with the process I could gather sufficient courage and confidence to continue with the process. However, I was very anxious regarding the question and answer sessions which were about to take place after my presentation delivery. This made me develop certain restlessness and as a result, I had a very hurried approach during my presentation session. For one of my internship programmes, I had to appear for an interview before an entire boardroom full of professors. I was asked number of interview questions related to my knowledge regarding the subject, practical knowledge, general knowledge. At times I was also asked a number of abstract questions which were just to test my perception in general. I felt that I should have been more precise in my conversation. Some of the questions asked to me needed little or no explanation. However, I think talking unnecessarily shifted the focus from the main question and resulted in me scoring fewer marks. Discussion of the identified communication issues The diagnostic tools and intervention methods helped in the analysis of the communication gaps. I had public speaking anxiety along with slight borderline talkaholic nature. The fear and anxiety of talking to a crowd of strangers could be explained with the help of several theories. As commented by Wang, Pauleen Zhang (2016), the moment an individual is asked to speak in front of a huge crowd of strangers, anxiety enters in the mind of the person. Public speaking triggers the ability to pick up on angry faces (Cardon Marshall, 2015). As argued by Bargiela-Chiappini Nickerson (2014), the responses elicited in the participants is different which is further guided by different levels of exposure. The confidence to speak in front of a huge crowd is often guided by the amount of subjective knowledge possessed by individuals which further gives them a positive boost to speak. Hence, I will need to research well through my topics well before presentation of the subject matter in front of a crowd of strangers. This will help me in coping up with a public speaking anxiety. However as argued by Jin, Liu Austin (2014), the anxious participants are more sensitive to the angry images of the crowd rather than the happy or the neutral ones. The fear initiated by public speaking often produces a varied range of symptoms in the speaker such as drying of the mouth, rapid heartbeat, etc (Cardon Marshall, 2015). However, through gradual exposure and adaptability over time the levels of stress could be reduced. This causes the psychological state anxiety to decrease by a process called habituation. However, as argued by Zheltukhina et al. (2017), through the causative factors of the stress is removed an increased level if sensitization can nullify the happy or the positive surrounding images. Additionally, I have received near most borderline talkaholic scores which are also a matter of concern. I also think I have the tendency of becoming a compulsive talker depending on the situation and the stimulus. As commented by Dulek Campbell (2015), the tendency to speak more on certain occasions could stem out of social anxiety. The compulsive talking either stems out from the inability to manage the burden bestowed by particular situations or from deep-seated emotions of insecurity. The compulsive talking has been related to signs of mental restlessness and often makes the listener confused (Lehmann-Willenbrock, Beck Kauffeld, 2016). Over talking in situations which do not need much explanation may not be in the best interest of the speaker. As commented by Varner Varner (2014), borderline talkaholics to compulsive talkers often depict a sign of supremacy in their behaviour, which could be attributed to their position within the organization. Therefore, in order to cope with the compulsion for talking I will need to focus more on the pathos aspect which will also help me in understanding as well as analysing the thought process of the listeners. Models of business communication The aspect of effective business communication could be described with the help of several network models. Some of the communication models are chain network model, wheel network, circle network, Y network. Depending upon the model of communication followed the success of an organization is guaranteed. In the centralized chain network, the information passes from the top to the bottom of the network. As commented by Cornelissen Cornelissen (2017), the individual level of satisfaction is moderate over here. However, much of the information sharing and task allotment under this model of communication is guided by the organizational ethos and does little to incorporate the self-interests or the desires of the workers. The wheel network, on the other hand, shows little or no relation with the different components within an organization. At this level, the employees are supposed to work more depending on their individual levels of expertise. As argued by Dulek Campbell (2015), this aspect communication is in accordance with the laissez-faire model. In the lack of responsibility taking, the production of the organization is severely hampered as guidance in the form of effective communication from the leaders is missing over here. In decentralization communication network all the members of the group have access to the same number of communication channels. The equal distribution of resources ensures that effective information is being transmitted to different channels which will help in addressing the communication gaps. In my opinion adoption of the decentralization, network would help in ensuring high productivity within the business contexts. Conceptual and behavioural skills for developing competence in communication The communication aspects with reference to a business organization could be further explained with the help of a number of theories. Some of these are the face negotiation theory, group decision emergence theory. Cross-cultural communication is one of the important aspects of a business organization (Serban et al., 2016). An organization is managed by people from different cultural background and races. As commented by Marcel (2015), cultural faith and beliefs further shape the behavioural and communication aspects of an individual. Therefore, adoption of a friendly body language could help me in bridging the communication gap interaction with a group of strangers. In this respect, a number of theories could be elaborated for better understanding the aspects of organizational communication. The face negotiation theory could be explained over here, which places facial expression at the centre, for commuting value to an individual. As mentioned by Darics (2015), social image of an ind ividual is shaped up by the amount or the nature of facial expressions transmitted by them. The external social face maintained by an individual depicts their position, power and recognition within the society and their place of work (Fulmer Ostroff, 2016). One of the prime themes of the face negotiation theory is the facework interaction strategy. It is the communicative behaviour people use to protect the face of their own selves or others or damage the face value of others for their own self-interests (Zheltukhina et al., 2017). The facework could be further divided into positive and restorative facework. The preventive facework is the type of communication adopted by an individual to prevent their own face value in their place of work. The communication pattern in preventive facework is measured in its approach; where one shows sufficient apprehension in speaking with people or public in general (Darics, 2015). The restorative framework could be explained with the help of compu lsive behaviour projection by an individual often in terms of excess talking (Mikkelson, York Arritola, 2015). Therefore, the face negotiation theory could be related to my present state of communication issues. Similarly, Fishers groups decision emergence theory could be explained over here in order to understand the aspect of decision making within a business context. The decision-making process is established through a number of steps such as orientation, conflict, emergence and re-enforcement. The orientation phase is where the team members interact for the first time, therefore, generally depict low level of trust (De los Rios-Carmenado, Lopez Garcia, 2015). As commented by Moshiri Cardon (2014), the orientation phase often generates a feeling of social anxiety within an individual. However, placing the interest of the group above individual interests can help me in developing an effective bond with my teammates. Additionally, the interpersonal communication skills play a crucial role in the business communicative process. As commented by Daneshgari Moore (2016), the pattern of body language depicted by an individual within the communication process often depicts the kind of speaker they are. In this respect, a positive and outgoing nature will help me in approaching my peers or receive help from them in problem areas. It will also help me in conflict management and resolve the issues of the clients by identifying their needs or requirements. The communication styles can be further described based on the types of assertive, passive or aggressive speaker. The communication channel could be divided into intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, organizational and cross-cultural communication. It is very important that the ethical aspects of communication are kept intact during the organizational processes (Raina Roebuck, 2016). In order to communicate better within a business surrounding, I need to adopt an assertive communicative behaviour. The assertive behaviour will help me in standing up for myself and my peers within the organization. A positive and balanced approach to communication will help me in coping up with the public speaking anxiety and also deliver my message clearly and concisely. It will help me in solving my work-related problems by communicating effectively with the management. Action plan The communication pattern in an individual is guided by a number of factors such as the type of environmental stimulus that the person is subjected to, which initiates active communication within an individual. Additionally, the kind of speaker that an individual is further governs their communication patterns (Roome Louche, 2016). In this respect, an active and assertive speaker is supposed to communicate more freely and openly within an organizational process (Tuleja, 2016). However, ineffective orientation processes along with passive workplace sledging have been seen to produce negative impact upon the psychological well being of an individual (DeFleur DeFleur, 2016). The orientation process is the first step towards becoming a part of the organization where the employees are briefed regarding their prospective roles in the organization along with making them an integral part of the work culture. As commented by Berson, Halevy, Shamir Erez (2015), based on the success of the orientation process the newly recruited employee develops the motivation to contribute to the work culture of the organization. In both the situations, passive or less speaking within a group of strangers or excessive talking stems out of social speaking anxiety (Raina Roebuck, 2016). As commented by Braithwaite, Suter Floyd (2017), mental conditioning can help in coping up with the public speaking anxiety. Additionally, developing a clear idea regarding the topic can also help in removing the fear or anxiety from the minds of the people. The audience should be perceived in a more positive manner and one should reflect upon the happy or the neutral faces more while public s peaking rather than simply focus upon the frowning faces (Fito-Bertran, Hernandez-Lara, Lpez, 2015). As supported by Wirtz, Pistoia, Ullrich Gttel ( 2016), analysing the audience can help in understanding the level and the amount of information possessed by them on a certain topic. As commented by Wieland, Hartmann Vargo (2017), the Aristotelian aspects of communication place more importance upon the inculcation of logos within the process of communication. The logos aspect gives more emphasis to the presentation of knowledge through sufficient research and analysis. The development of a demographic knowledge regarding the target audience can help in the presentation of the matter more precisely relating to the problem situation of the target audience (Shields et al., 2015). The communication process within a business organization can be further developed based on Monroes motivated sequence. The Monroes motivated sequence emphasises the use of backup material for supporting a claim made during group meetings (Veit et al., 2014). This is in accordance with the aspect of supporting the facts through statistics. Attributes 1-2 weeks 3-5 weeks 6-11 weeks 12-17 weeks 18-20 weeks 21-24 weeks Identification of the communication issues Development of SMART goals for addressing the communication issues (individual /group) Participation in group assignments Receiving feedback on individual performance from assessors Reflection on individual strengths/weaknesses Drafting of effective communication goals (individual /organizational) Table 1: Gantt chart (Source: author) An action plan has been designed for troubleshooting the active communication areas. Some of the communication areas which need intervention are assertive speaking, excelling the aspects of non-verbal communication along with developing active listening skills. As mentioned by van Ginkel, Gulikers, Biemans Mulder (2015) assertive speaking along with the use of friendly gestures for communicating with fellow workers within an organization can help in resolving situations of conflict or dispute. The non-verbal communication, on the other hand, provides more emphasis upon the use of a friendly body language for initiating conversation with others within a business organization. Therefore, the display of an agonic non-verbal style which focuses less on giving reassurance to the employee in an organization and more upon displaying power can upset the positive culture prevalent within an organization. The nonverbal communication can be further explained with the help of the expectations violations theory. As mentioned by Drucker (2017), the behaviour and approach of one individual can hurt the emotional anticipation of the other. As mentioned by Bovee et al. (2016), the non-verbal messages are the key to the development of effective social relationships which helps in the promoting the work culture within an organization. As commented by Cardon Marshall (2015), egocentrism can serve as a major barrier to active listening. 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